Pokémon GO stuck on black loading screen / Network Error (2) on iOS

Since two days ago Pokémon GO stopped working on my iPhone 14 Pro. It had worked normally for about 45 days on the same Wi-Fi connection before this.
If I launch the game with Wi-Fi already enabled, I only get a completely black screen. If I launch it offline first and then enable Wi-Fi, the loading bar appears but freezes and never finishes. Sometimes I also get Network Error (2) or No Internet Connection (10).
I have already:
reinstalled the game several times,
restarted the phone,
reset network settings,
tested different DNS,
tested VPN/WARP,
tried Apple and Google login on two different accounts,
tested through a laptop hotspot.
Other apps, App Store, YouTube, Safari etc. work normally.
Has anyone seen this exact issue recently, especially after the latest update?
I’m currently using Marlink satellite internet onboard a ship, but Pokémon GO worked on the same connection without problems until two days ago.